Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect  Speech 

a.       Direct speech /Quoted  speech  (kalimat langsung)

Adalah  kalimat  yang  berisikan  informasi  dari  pembicara  (speaker) yang ditulis apa adanya dengan ciri-ciri kalimat :

1    1.      terdapat tanda kutip “.....” (Quostation Mark)

“....” tanda petik 2 untuk American English

‘....’ tanda petik 1 untuk British English

2   2.      tidak terdapat conjuction

b  b.      Indirect speech /Reported  speech (kalimat  tidak  langsung)

Adalah kalimat yang berisikan informasi dari pembicara (speaker) yang tidak ditulis apa adanya dengan ciri-ciri kalimat:

1   1.      Tidak terdapat tanda kutip

2   2.      Terdapat  conjuction (That, If, Whether,...)

Contoh:

1         1.       DS (direct speech)     : Rudi telah berkata, “saya bingung”.

                                            : Rudi has said, “I am Confused”.

             IS  (indirect speech)  : Rudi telah berkata bahwa dia bingung.

                                            : Rudi has said that he was confused.

2         2.      DS       : Tian said, “I am handsome

           IS        : Tian said that he was handsome

3        3.      DS       : Deden said,”I am strong”.

           IS        : Deden said that he was strong.

*NOTE : - Say, Tell, Ask,... disebut “introductory verb” (IV) yaitu verb yang menghubungkan antara main clause (MC) dan sub clause (SC).

               - MC boleh diletakkan di final (akhir) dan di inversi apabila subjectnya bukan pronoun (dalam DS).

                   Contoh;   DS : Rista berkata, “saya langsing”.

                                         : Rista said, “I am slim”.

                                         : “I am slim”, Rista said

                                         : “I am slim”, Said Rista

                                         : “I am slim”, said she (wrong)

                                    IS : Rista berkata bahwa dia langsing

                                         : Rista said  that she was slim

                                                MC                SC

*Macam-macam kalimat DS-IS

1. Statement

2. Imperative

3. Question          

       

1.      Statement (pernyataan)

Ø  Conjuction  : That (bahwa)

Ø  Aturan perubahan

a.       Perubahan tenses

b.      Perubahan pronoun

c.       Perubahan adverb

          a.       Perubahan  tenses

-          Terjadi pada SC

-          MC’nya bertenses “past”

-          Mudur satu kali (satu langkah) lampau.

Contoh:

v  DS : Yuli said,”I have much money”.

IS : Yuli said that she had much money.

v  DS : Beni has said, “ I will treat the  girls”

IS :  Beni has said that he will treat the girls.

v  DS : Hafidz said,”I made a car”.

IS  : Hafidz said that he had  made  a car.

v  DS : Ahmal said to Hilma,” i miss you”.

IS  : Ahmal said to hilma that he missed her.

v  DS  : Sandra said,” Rasta called me”.

IS  : Sandra said  that rasta had called her.

MC                       SC

*NOTE : - Tenses SC “”tidak berubah “ jika;

               1. MC berupa S. Pr./S. F/Pr. Pf. (selain past)

                        Contoh: DS = Tuti says, “i am hungry”.

                                       IS = Tuti says that she is hungry.

2.SC. Berupa ‘general truth

Contoh: DS = Kiki said,”the fire is hot”.

              IS  = kiki said that the fire is hot.

bb.      Perubahan  pronoun

Ø  Terjadi pada SC

Ø  Jika pada SC terdapat pronoun berupa :

v  I, Me, My, Myself, Mine, Maka kembalinya ke “subject” MC

Contoh:    DS= Yuli said,” My book is lost”.

           IS= Yuli said that her book was lost.

DS= Rooney said,” I love myself”.

           IS= Rooney said that  he had loved  himself.

           DS= Atas said,”The cat is mine”.

           IS= Atar said that the cat was his.

           DS=Dian says to bayu,” you will wait for me”.

           IS= Dian says to bayu that he will wait for her.

           DS= Lana said,”I will sell my novel”.

           IS= Lana said that he would sell his novel.

v  You, your, yours, yourself, yourselves; maka kembalinya ke “object” MC (jika tidak mempunyai object maka objectnya dianggap “Me”).

Contoh:    DS= Fahmi said to siti,”i will pick you up”.

           IS= Fahmi said to siti that he would pick her up.

           DS= Rista said,”You are my best friends”.

           IS= Rista said that i was her best friends.

           DS= Abit said to uswa,”You will be mine”.

           IS= Abit said to uswa that she would be his.

v  We, us, our, ours, ourselves; maka  kembalinya pada subject MC dengan syarat: - We : menjadi  We (jika si pelapor anggota “We”)

-       We: menjadi They (jika si pelapor bukan anggota “We”)

Contoh: DS= Dian and Bayu said,”we will get married”.

               IS= Dian and Bayu said that they will get married.

               DS= Hilma and I said,” we will study hard”.

               IS= Hilma and I said that we would study hard.

cc.       Perubahan  adverb

Ø  Tejadi pada SC

Ø  MC’nya bertenses “past”

No.	DS	IS
1.	Now	then
2.	Yesterday	The day before/ the previous day
3.	Tomorrow	The day after/ the next day/ the following day
4.	2 days ago	2 days before
5.	2 days later	2 days after
6.	Last week	The week before
7.	Next week	The week after
8.	This day	That day
9.	Here	there

Contoh: DS= Rudi said,” I am busy now”.

                IS= Rudi said that he was busy then.

                DS= Heny said,”I will meet you tomorrow”.

                IS= Heny said that she would meet me the day after.

2.      Imperative (perintah)

Ø  Kinds :

Ø  Conj: tidak ada

Ø  Perubahan:

1.      Tenses : tidak ada

2.      Pronoun : sama dg  perubahan pronoun di DS-IS statement

3.      Adverb : sama dg prubahan adverb di DS-IS statement

4.      Bentuk kalimat ; DS = Imperative (!)

IS= statement (.)

5.      Jika IV pada DS : “Say” maka harus diganti dengan verb yang menunjukkan makna perintah pada IS’nya seperti : Tell, Ask, Beg, Order, Advise, Forbid, etc.

Ø  Form : Imperative positif (+)

                               

Contoh: DS=  Tuty said,”Give me your book!”.

              IS=  Tuty begged  to give her my book.

        ØImperative negatif (-)

Contoh: DS= Hilma said to Runy,” Don’t leave me tonight!”.

               IS= Hilma orderred to Runy not to leave her that night

              DS= Mala said to Raja,” Don’t kiss me!”.

              IS= Mala Forbade to Raja  to kiss her.

              IS= Mala asked to Raja not to kiss her.

3.      Question (Pertanyaan)

Ø  Kinds of Question : - Yes/No Question

 Conj: If (informal) = apakah/entah

     Whether (formal)  = Apakah/entah

-  Information Question

Conj: Question word (QW) itu sendiri

Ø  Perubahan

1.      Tenses : sama dg aturan perubahan pada DS-IS statement

2.      Pronoun : sama dg aturan perubahan pada DS-IS statement

3.      Adverb : sama dg aturan perubahan pada DS-IS statement

4.      Bentuk kalimat DS= Question (?)

          IS= Statements (.)

5.      Bentuk IV  pada  DS seperti “say” dan  “ harus berubah  menjadi

IS = *Ask artinya bertanya : digunakan untuk MC yg berobject maupun tidak berobject

      * Inquire artinya bertanya : digunakan untuk MC yg tidak berobject

      *Worder  artinya ingin tahu : digunakan untuk MC yg tidak berobject

      *Want to know  artinya ingin tahu : digunakan untuk MC yg tidak berobject

            Contoh: DS= Atar said ,” will she go home tomorrow?”.

                          IS= Atar Asked  if/Whether  she would go home the next day.

                           DS= Saudi said to her,”when will she go home?”.

                           IS= Saudi asked to her when she would go home.