Direct and Indirect Speech
a. Direct
speech /Quoted speech (kalimat langsung)
Adalah
kalimat yang berisikan
informasi dari pembicara
(speaker) yang ditulis apa adanya dengan ciri-ciri kalimat :
1 1. terdapat
tanda kutip “.....” (Quostation Mark)
“....” tanda petik 2
untuk American English
‘....’ tanda petik 1
untuk British English
2 2. tidak
terdapat conjuction
b b. Indirect
speech /Reported speech (kalimat tidak
langsung)
Adalah kalimat yang berisikan informasi dari
pembicara (speaker) yang tidak ditulis apa adanya dengan ciri-ciri kalimat:
1 1. Tidak
terdapat tanda kutip
2 2. Terdapat conjuction (That, If, Whether,...)
Contoh:
1 1. DS (direct speech) : Rudi telah berkata, “saya bingung”.
:
Rudi has said, “I am Confused”.
IS
(indirect speech) : Rudi telah
berkata bahwa dia bingung.
:
Rudi has said that he was confused.
2 2. DS : Tian said, “I am handsome
IS : Tian said that he was handsome
3 3. DS : Deden said,”I am strong”.
IS : Deden said that he was strong.
*NOTE
: - Say, Tell, Ask,... disebut “introductory verb” (IV) yaitu verb yang
menghubungkan antara main clause (MC) dan sub clause (SC).
- MC boleh diletakkan di final
(akhir) dan di inversi apabila subjectnya bukan pronoun (dalam DS).
Contoh; DS : Rista berkata, “saya langsing”.
: Rista said, “I am slim”.
: “I am slim”, Rista said
: “I am slim”, Said Rista
: “I am slim”, said she (wrong)
IS : Rista
berkata bahwa dia langsing
: Rista said that she was slim
MC SC
*Macam-macam
kalimat DS-IS
1.
Statement
2.
Imperative
3.
Question
1. Statement
(pernyataan)
Ø Conjuction : That (bahwa)
Ø Aturan
perubahan
a. Perubahan
tenses
b. Perubahan
pronoun
c. Perubahan
adverb
a. Perubahan
tenses
-
Terjadi pada SC
-
MC’nya bertenses “past”
-
Mudur satu kali (satu langkah) lampau.
Contoh:
v DS
: Yuli said,”I have much money”.
IS : Yuli said that she had much money.
v DS
: Beni has said, “ I will treat the
girls”
IS : Beni has
said that he will treat the girls.
v DS
: Hafidz said,”I made a car”.
IS : Hafidz
said that he had made a car.
v DS
: Ahmal said to Hilma,” i miss you”.
IS : Ahmal
said to hilma that he missed her.
v DS : Sandra said,” Rasta called me”.
IS : Sandra
said that rasta had called her.
MC SC
*NOTE
: - Tenses SC “”tidak berubah “ jika;
1. MC berupa S. Pr./S. F/Pr. Pf. (selain past)
Contoh: DS = Tuti says,
“i am hungry”.
IS = Tuti says that she is hungry.
2.SC.
Berupa ‘general truth
Contoh: DS = Kiki said,”the fire is hot”.
IS
= kiki said that the fire is hot.
bb. Perubahan
pronoun
Ø Terjadi
pada SC
Ø Jika
pada SC terdapat pronoun berupa :
v I,
Me, My, Myself, Mine, Maka kembalinya ke “subject” MC
Contoh: DS= Yuli said,” My book is lost”.
IS=
Yuli said that her book was lost.
DS= Rooney said,” I love myself”.
IS=
Rooney said that he had loved himself.
DS=
Atas said,”The cat is mine”.
IS=
Atar said that the cat was his.
DS=Dian
says to bayu,” you will wait for me”.
IS=
Dian says to bayu that he will wait for her.
DS=
Lana said,”I will sell my novel”.
IS=
Lana said that he would sell his novel.
v You,
your, yours, yourself, yourselves; maka kembalinya ke “object” MC (jika tidak
mempunyai object maka objectnya dianggap “Me”).
Contoh: DS= Fahmi said to siti,”i will pick you up”.
IS=
Fahmi said to siti that he would pick her up.
DS=
Rista said,”You are my best friends”.
IS=
Rista said that i was her best friends.
DS=
Abit said to uswa,”You will be mine”.
IS=
Abit said to uswa that she would be his.
v We,
us, our, ours, ourselves; maka kembalinya
pada subject MC dengan syarat: - We : menjadi
We (jika si pelapor anggota “We”)
- We:
menjadi They (jika si pelapor bukan anggota “We”)
Contoh:
DS= Dian and Bayu said,”we will get married”.
IS= Dian and Bayu said that they will get married.
DS= Hilma and I said,” we will study hard”.
IS= Hilma and I said that we would study hard.
cc. Perubahan adverb
Ø Tejadi
pada SC
Ø MC’nya
bertenses “past”
|
No.
|
DS
|
IS
|
|
1.
|
Now
|
then
|
|
2.
|
Yesterday
|
The day before/ the previous day
|
|
3.
|
Tomorrow
|
The day after/ the next day/ the
following day
|
|
4.
|
2 days ago
|
2 days before
|
|
5.
|
2 days later
|
2 days after
|
|
6.
|
Last week
|
The week before
|
|
7.
|
Next week
|
The week after
|
|
8.
|
This day
|
That day
|
|
9.
|
Here
|
there
|
Contoh: DS= Rudi said,” I am busy now”.
IS=
Rudi said that he was busy then.
DS=
Heny said,”I will meet you tomorrow”.
IS=
Heny said that she would meet me the day after.
2. Imperative
(perintah)
Ø Kinds :
Ø Conj:
tidak ada
Ø Perubahan:
1. Tenses
: tidak ada
2. Pronoun
: sama dg perubahan pronoun di DS-IS
statement
3. Adverb
: sama dg prubahan adverb di DS-IS statement
4. Bentuk
kalimat ; DS = Imperative (!)
IS= statement (.)
5. Jika
IV pada DS : “Say” maka harus diganti dengan verb yang menunjukkan makna
perintah pada IS’nya seperti : Tell, Ask, Beg, Order, Advise, Forbid, etc.
Ø Form
: Imperative positif (+)
Contoh: DS=
Tuty said,”Give me your book!”.
IS=
Tuty begged to give her my book.
ØImperative negatif (-)
Contoh: DS= Hilma said to Runy,” Don’t leave me
tonight!”.
IS= Hilma orderred to Runy not to leave her
that night
DS= Mala said to Raja,” Don’t kiss me!”.
IS= Mala Forbade to Raja to kiss her.
IS= Mala asked to Raja not to kiss her.
3. Question
(Pertanyaan)
Ø Kinds
of Question : - Yes/No Question
Conj: If (informal) = apakah/entah
Whether (formal) = Apakah/entah
- Information
Question
Conj:
Question word (QW) itu sendiri
Ø Perubahan
1. Tenses
: sama dg aturan perubahan pada DS-IS statement
2. Pronoun
: sama dg aturan perubahan pada DS-IS statement
3. Adverb
: sama dg aturan perubahan pada DS-IS statement
4. Bentuk
kalimat DS= Question (?)
IS=
Statements (.)
5. Bentuk
IV pada
DS seperti “say” dan “ harus
berubah menjadi
IS = *Ask artinya
bertanya : digunakan untuk MC yg berobject maupun tidak berobject
* Inquire artinya bertanya : digunakan untuk
MC yg tidak berobject
*Worder artinya ingin tahu : digunakan
untuk MC yg tidak berobject
*Want to
know artinya ingin tahu : digunakan
untuk MC yg tidak berobject
Contoh: DS= Atar said ,” will she go
home tomorrow?”.
IS= Atar Asked if/Whether
she would go home the next day.
DS= Saudi said to her,”when will she go
home?”.
IS= Saudi asked to her when she would go
home.
